Malaria

Symptoms

Symptoms of malaria depend on the Plasmodium species, but in most cases develop between 7-30 days after the bite of an infected mosquito. P. vivax can develop up to a year after exposure and if not treated properly can cause additional attacks (relapses).

Commonly, people experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, sweats, headache, nausea and vomiting, body aches, and general malaise. P. falciparum can cause severe and life-threatening disease.

Transmission

P. falciparum and P. vivax were previously present in Florida, but was eradicated from the state in the late 1940s. Local transmission has occurred only rarely in recent years, likely due to mosquito control measures, improved housing with screens, use of repellents, and drainage practices. A number of malaria cases are reported in immigrant and travelers to areas where malaria risk is high.

There are 14 Anopheles mosquito species in Florida, all of which are potentially capable of transmitting malaria. An. quadrimaculatus and An. crucians have been major malaria vectors in the past. Since introduction from endemic areas occurs regularly and competent vectors exist in the state, local transmission is possible.

Preventing Mosquito Bites

If possible, remain indoors in a screened or air-conditioned area during the peak biting period between dusk and dawn:

• If no screening or air conditioning is available, use Insect Repellents in living and sleeping areas during evening and night-time hours and sleep under bed nets, preferably insecticide-treated.
• Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats when outdoors.
• Use insect repellennts when outdoors. Sprays that contain DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) offer good protection. Follow the directions on the product label.
• Higher concentrations of DEET may have a longer repellent effect, however concentrations over 50% provide no added protection.
• Timed-release DEET products may have a longer repellent effect than liquid products.
• DEET should not be used on children younger than two months. Assist children less than 10 years old with application of repellant. Avoid applying repellant to young children’s hands, or around their eyes and mouth.
• Protect infants by using a carrier draped with mosquito netting with an elastic edge for a tight fit.

Persons experiencing symptoms and who have been in an area with malaria are encouraged to see a doctor immediately.

• Alternative and Novel Drug Based Prevention Approaches | Malaria | CDC.

In 2023, Florida has reported confirmed cases in Sarasota County. All individuals have been treated and have recovered. The Department maintains a close collaboration with local partners and county mosquito control in its ongoing efforts. 

• View current reporting data for arbovirus surveillance.

The largest outbreak in recent Florida history occurred in Palm Beach County in 2003 where there were eight cases.

In 2012, 65 cases of imported malaria were reported in Florida:

• 45 cases (69%) were diagnosed with P. falciparum.
• 16 cases (25%) with P. vivax.
• 2 cases (3%) with P. ovale.
• 2 cases with P. malariae (3%).

Travelers to high malaria risk countries should talk to their health care provider about malaria prophylaxis and should take personal mosquito control measures.

Those classified as visiting friends and relatives are primarily from malaria-endemic developing countries. Individuals returning to their home country may be at increased risk for malaria. This increased risk has been attributed to high risk behaviors such as longer visit times and staying in villages and remote rural areas without screened windows or air conditioning. Additionally, those visiting friends and family are more likely to neglect personal protective measures against mosquitoes, such as prophylactic drugs, insect repellents, and bed nets. This may be because they believe themselves to be immune to the disease after having lived in an endemic area in the past. However, any immunity they may have had is lost over time, leaving them vulnerable to serious infections when they return to their home country. 

• Visit a health care provider familiar with travel medicine 4-6 weeks before traveling to countries that are endemic for malaria to obtain helpful travel information, vaccinations for other diseases, and antimalarial drug prescriptions.
• Purchase antimalarial drugs before traveling overseas to make sure that they are effective. Drugs bought in other countries may not be protective.
• Take all drugs as prescribed before, during and after travel for complete protection. Partial use may result in infection.

Malaria Risk and Prophylaxis Recommendations by Country

Resources

• Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevention Tips
• Malaria Information from the CDC
• Preventing Malaria While Traveling | Malaria | CDC
• Malaria Information from WHO
• Laboratory Instructions for County Health Departments
• Clinical Guidance: Malaria Diagnosis & Treatment | CDC